POTENTIAL LINK BETWEEN ASSISTED REPRODUCTION , AUTISM
When prospective
parents have trouble conceiving and decide to seek medical help, they typically
experience more than a little anxiety and have a host of questions: What are
the potential risks to the mother and the baby? What kinds of diseases or other
problems are associated with assisted reproduction? And, is one of those
problems autism?
As many as one in
every 50 children age 6 to 17 is identified as having autism spectrum disorder,
which impairs social interaction and communication. The increasing prevalence
of autism has boosted the desire to pinpoint causes, and everything from
parents' ages to vaccination has come under scrutiny by researchers looking for
a link.
Over the past five
years, several studies have focused on infertility treatment, partly because of
the coincidental rise in both the diagnosis of autism and the use of assisted
reproduction, says Sean Ackerman, M.D., a child psychiatry fellow at Fletcher
Allen Health Care and clinical instructor in psychiatry at the University of
Vermont College of Medicine.
"People are
always looking for that silver bullet with autism," he said.
Ackerman and his
team found no such link when they studied previously collected DNA data from
almost 2,000 children with autism to determine whether assisted reproductive
technology -- specifically, in vitro fertilization and two types of
intrafallopian transfer -- causes changes in genetic makeup that are associated
with autism. The study results are published in the August 2014 Fertility
and Sterility.
Until now, no one
had studied genetic data, as opposed to epidemiology, to look for a connection
between infertility treatment and autism, Ackerman says. He and his team --
including UVM faculty members David Rettew, M.D., associate professor of
psychiatry, and Robert Althoff, M.D., assistant professor of psychiatry -- used
the reams of data gathered from 2009 to 2011 for the Simons Simplex Collection,
a project funded by the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative. Ackerman
had worked on the project doing medical histories right after completing
medical school at the University of Washington.
"When you have
a ton of really great data sitting around, it's sort of irresponsible not to
use it," he said.
Previous studies
looked at the incidence of autism among children conceived with assisted
reproductive technology, and results were inconsistent, says Ackerman. Most
found no increased risk. A few raised the possibility of a slightly higher risk
but also suggested that other factors, including the age of parents using
assisted reproduction, could be the reason.
Ackerman developed a
fascination with autism before attending medical school, when he took a job as
a one-to-one kindergarten aide and was paired with an autistic boy. "I
just thought the way he saw the world was so cool," Ackerman says.
"It was like going to another country."
Child psychiatry, he
decided, was the best specialty to focus on helping children with autism and
their parents.
While Ackerman's
study doesn't end those parents' quest to determine the cause of the disorder
-- which he believes stems from a combination of genetic factors -- it at least
removes one of many nagging questions for people approaching infertility
treatment.
"Sometimes,"
he says, "answering a question 'no' is actually comforting."
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